The Evening Primrose (Octameter Chiasmus) by Mike Williams 05/03/2016 @ 12:11 P.M. - You forget what you want to remember . mentary central elements in the structure, which generally high light the major thrust of the passage encompassed by the chiasm; and (2) the presence of complementary . 1. my teachings you shall not forget 2. my commands your heart shall guard Below is Psalm 15:1-3 broken down into its poetic sequences. Similarly, notice how the use of anadiplosis repeats in its typical fashion the word "reliability" to highlight the . korbell plus refill apotea; jake hess death; lithonia shop light model 1233 Before I attempt definitions, please allow me to offer a few examples of the chiasmus, by exemplars like Oscar Wilde, Dorothy Parker, Mark Twain and William Shakespeare: It's not the size of the dog in the fight that counts, it's the size of the fight in the dog. It is claimed that the presence of chiasmus in the Book of Mormon is either coincidental, an artifact of the observer, or not impressive since examples of chiastic patterns have been found in the Doctrine and Covenants or other 19th . In these words, the A-B-B-A pattern (in this case, accusative-ablative-ablative-accusative) that is characteristic of a chiasmus is present. C: Judgement. "Doting" and "loving" are similar but not the sameand the same goes for "doubting" and "suspecting." The reason for using Chiasmus is that poetry can be easily observed in any kind of language manipulation. One famous example of chiasmus comes from Samuel Johnson's 1794 poem "The Vanity of Human Wishes.". a rhetorical or literary figure in which words, grammatical constructions, or concepts are repeated in reverse order, in the same or a modified form; e.g. 10 Terms. Here is the poem; see if you can spot a chiasmus or two. Allay. Examples and Observations "You forget what you want to remember, and you remember what you want to forget." I'm just different from you." (Elfen Lied) "People live to suffer. ". B Shall be abased; Chiasmus Poems - Examples of all types of poems about chiasmus to share and read. Ancient Hebrew poetic writing is filled with chiasmus. Examples of Chiasmus in Literature Beauty is truth, truth beauty. Chiastic structure, or chiastic pattern, is a literary technique in narrative motifs and other textual passages. Well worth reading! Bahti's argument supports my characterization of Dickinson's chiasmus as conveying a sense of the irresolvable . (Pope) For sand and dune, and dime and sand Are all that I go by. Dramatic plays written in poetic verses help to develop a strong beginning for Chiasmus. This is AB, BA structure. Chiasmus is a figure of speech that displays inverted . This rhetorical device is also referred to as reverse parallelism or syntactical inversion. A: Salvation. Examples of Chiasmus in Literature 1. - The sea was the excuse to make poetry, and poetry became an excuse to go to the sea. (Passage adapted from the Aeneid by Vergil, 6.450-460) Chiasmus in the Book of Mormon. "Hard Rock Returns To Prison From The Hospital For The Criminal Insane" & "The Idea Of Ancestry"Etheridge Knight was an African-American poet who made his na. expendables 5 release date. For this reason, chiasmus is sometimes known as a criss-cross figure of speech. Chiasmus is a form of poetry where ideas are expressed and then repeated in reverse order. B: Punishments. Many passages in the Bible exhibit chiastic structure. Explanation: In line 8, the phrase "exstinctam ferroque extrema secutam" is an example of chiasmus. Anadiplosis is a rhetorical and literary device wherein a word or phrase at or near the end of a clause is repeated at or near the beginning of the next clause. In rhetoric, chiasmus (/ k a z m s / ky-AZ-ms) or, less commonly, chiasm (Latin term from Greek , "crossing", from the Greek , chiz, "to shape like the letter "), is a "reversal of grammatical structures in successive phrases or clauses - but no repetition of words".. A similar device, antimetabole, also involves a reversal of grammatical structures . What is Chiastic poetry? Chiasmus is a poetic and rhetorical device in many languages. Chiasmus is a two-part sentence or phrase, where the second part is a reversal of the first. Examples of Chiasmus from Literature and Rhetoric: 1. A: Food and clothing. Again there is an inversion of ideas (besides words) in Chiasmus which is absent in Hyperbaton. The device is commonly used for emphasis through the repetition of a key word or phrase, or to . "Suit the action to the word, the word to the action." Shakespeare's Hamlet 2. Live simply so that others might simply live. Chiasmus American Drama A Raisin in the Sun Aeschylus Amiri Baraka Cat on a Hot Tin Roof David Henry Hwang Dutchman Edward Albee Eugene O'Neill Goethe Faust Hedda Gabler Henrik Ibsen Jean Paul Sartre Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Lillian Hellman Long Day's Journey into Night Lorraine Hansberry Luigi Pirandello M. Butterfly Medea Moliere northwestern lacrosse. .I am the good shepherd; the sheep are my life. Literary structure (chiasm, chiasmus) of Psalms Chiastic Structure and Concentric Structure and Parallel of each pericope A: Happy. chiasmus poetry examplesbrent faiyaz voice type. Often called the chiastic (ky-az-tic) approach or the chiastic structure, this repetition form appears throughout the Bible yet it is not well . Chiasmus. For example, the repetition of the word "give" in the sentence "When I give, I give myself" is termed anadiplosis, as it occurs at the end of the first clause and marks the beginning of the following clause.. They also provide useful background information and other insights. (A') Torah A notable example in the Torah is the chiastic structure running from the middle of Exodus through the end of Leviticus. An Unusual Literary Style in the Bible. Answer (1 of 3): > What are some examples of chiasmus and pleonasm in figures of speech? speech act: the manner of expression (as opposed to the content). A chiasm (or chiasmus if you rather) is a writing style that uses a unique repetition pattern for clarification and emphasis. A: Salvation. Literary structure (chiasm, chiasmus) of Book of Isaiah Chiastic Structure and Concentric Structure and Parallel of each pericope A: Sins of Israel. B: Nations. outdoor artificial palm trees; Actually, the only thing that became obvious was the fact that neither the believers nor the unbelievers were citing very many specific . Anaphora is used in a conversational way to express emotion and as a means of emphasizing or affirming a point or idea. C: Worship. It could be either novels or speeches, lyrics of songs, or drama theories. Following with some examples of coil type of wordplay in our novel. That's just one example. Read my 1995 article about English and Hebrew Poetry. Didactic. A' (24c) must worship him in spirit and in truth. Anadiplosis exhibits a typical pattern of repeating a word. (2) analyzing ten poems (five for each poet) according to an eclectic model developed by the study. Plural: chiasmus or chiasmi . Be brief. I've included examples in several of the previous Posts. a - heart has room for love; a small heart has room for hate. Suffering grows people." (Fullmetal Alchemist) "Laughing is living. 1. ark astrocetus how to use hyperdrive. stanza: a "paragraph" of a poem: a group of lines . A: High and low. The word anadiplosis is of Greek origin, and means doubling' or repetition.'. Another popular example of chiasmus is the phrase "When the going gets tough, the tough gets going!" The words going and tough are reversed in successive clauses, while the other words (when, the, and gets) bind them together and often include straightforward repetition (the, get/gets). Actress, Mae West, was famous for her one-liners. With the exception of the chiastic example our example has meant from. The poetry examples contained in this site often link to other poetry devices of which that poem serves as an example. Content: characteristics; Examples of chiasmus; Short examples; Examples with authorship; Other examples; References; The chiasmus It is a rhetorical element that consists of repeating a sentence, but placing its components in an inverted order.The repeated phrase is placed right next to the original and generates an impact on the reader, which leads to rethinking and reflecting on what the . Chiasmus Purpose in . "Be bold. For example, in the first line, the emphasis is on you. Ap language list 7- chiasmus. Examples of speech acts include: question, promise, plea, declaration, and command. B: Exhortation. "Get busy living or get busy dying.". A simple example of chiasmus is found in Matthew 23:12: A Whosoever exalteth himself. Defenition of word Chiasmus. I need to clarify something, though. "When the going gets tough, the tough get going" is a simple example of this literary device. Here are some examples of conversational anaphora: "Go big or go home.". In examples of chiasmus, however, the words and phrases are not repeated. Chiasmus is a Greek term meaning "diagonal arrangement.". This 13th Post gives a little background about a type of Hebrew poetry known as chiasmus. A simple example of a chiasm in the New Testament is found in John 1:1-2 In the beginning was the Word, (A) and the Word was with God, (B) and the Word was God. He who is hired does not own the sheep, Sees the wolf coming, Thinks about . Climax. An important subtype of chiasmus is antimetabole. B: The terror of the LORD. Chiasmus is a literary style in which words or concepts are repeated to the reader or hearer, then presented again in reverse order, in order to make a larger point. Those who were not so credulous insisted that it obviously read like anything but a Hebrew text. In lyric poetry, the speaker is often an authorial persona. A equals the verb, and B the adverb. C: Judgement of the LORD. Other meanings of Chiasmus. In his Ends of the Lyric, Timothy Bahti argues that chiasmus is the fundamental trope of all lyrics, the.means by which such poems invert their own endings and so send the reader back into the conflicts and tensions of their openings. For example, in his famous inaugural speech, John F. Kennedy told Americans to, "ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country." This is the prime example of chiasmus in its simplest form. Often used in the thematic context of balance, symmetry, or refelction ("These flowery waters and the watery flowers," Frost, "Spring Pools"). Introduction Chiasmus is one of the linguistic figures of speech that make the ordinary extraordinary. Example 2 Ah May reduce Red Rose are Always 150 verse 1 mm. Chiasm is pronounced ky-az-um. Examples of Chiasmus in Pop Culture Let's face it. what to say at a ptsd exam; briggs stratton generator motor; children's museum of phoenix. Keywords: Chiasmus, poetry, stylistics. Open Button (Macaulay) They fall successive, and successive rise. In fact, one of West's most classic catchphrases was also an example of chiasmus. Capacious. Confessional poetry is a type of poetry that emerged during the 1950s in USA. For example, look at the following sentence: We ran away quickly; speedily, we fled. A woman in a mini-van was speeding along beside me into a left turn lane that actually didn't exist yet. In the above case, the simple construction varies in the two clauses. A: Fear. Visit Us 4201 Wilson Blvd, Suite 300, Arlington, VA 22203 glentunnel to christchurch FREE QUOTE. C (24a) God is a Spirit: B' (24b) and they that worship him. "The chiasm of scriptural poetry is like the refreshing reflection of the mountain in the lake. For example, consider the common phrase: Lord, who may dwell in your sanctuary? Additionally, you can see the stressed daugh in the line, "I have three daugh ters.". B: The wicked. B: Destruction of Jerusalem. Chiasmus is very common structure in biblical poetry and narrative it describes a relation of A B B. Example: "Adam, first of men, To first of women, Eve" Paradise Lost, John Milton Confessional poetry. An example of chiastic structure would be two ideas, A and B, together with variants A' and B', being presented as A,B,B',A'. She was witty, funny, and entertaining to watch. ottawa dog adoption. Shelley, "To a Skylark" - this line is also also and example of chiasmus). Think not about how to - negative thoughts but how to - negati. 'Poetry is the record of the best and happiest moments of the happiest and best minds.'. 2019 forest river salem grand villa 42dl. It reads: " By day the frolic, and the dance by night. - Give your life and all the rest, not be even a remainder of everything that life gives. A: Justice. chiasmus poetry examples. Derived from the Greek letter chi, which looks like the letter X, a chiasmusallows ideas to crisscross in their delivery. A figure of speech is a way of adding dramatic flair to prose or poetry . It starts with a time of day . B: Condemnations. Life is death." (Nana) chiasmus: from the Greek letter Chi ( ), a "crossed" rhetorical parallel. . B: Sighing. In this passage, Shakespeare is demonstrating his perfect use of the feminine caesura. Be gone.". Chiasmus examples: > * "But many who are first will be last, and the last will be first." - The Bible, Matthew 19:30 * "You must eat to live, not live to eat." - Attributed to Socrates by Plutarch, "How . B' and A' are the same ideas as B and A, but in reverse order creating ABB'A'. Summary: A literary structure known as "chiasmus" exists in the Book of Mormon. A2. This is an example of chiasmus because (as in antimetabole) the same concept is repeated in reverse order, but (unlike in antimetabole) different words are used to express the concept when repeated. A simple example of chiasmus is the following: He led bravely, and we bravely followed. In the second, the verb follows the adverb. (B') He was in the beginning with God. "It is for you we speak, not for ourselves.". Living is moving on." (Your Lie in April) "Death is life. Chiasmus doesn't have to use the same wording in both phrases to qualify as a chiasm. Chiasmus Examples and Effect Chiasmus is the reversing of the order of words in the second of two parallel phrases or sentences. Take for example an ABCB'A' chiasm in John 4. The use of Chiasmus is seen in all forms of writing. candalepas green square; do sloths kill themselves by grabbing their arms Read short, long, best, and famous examples for chiasmus. Chiasmus is a figure of speech in which the order of words in one of two parallel clauses is inverted in the other. Another example of a chiasm, also with the ABBA structure, is Benjamin Franklin's axiom "By failing to prepare, you are preparing to fail." Other chiasms are more complex, even spanning entire poems. A: Prayers. It also puts more emphasis on the line. Chiastic structures that involve more components are sometimes called "ring structures . Chiasmus it characteristics and examples. John Keats, "Ode on a Grecian Urn" The chiasmus at the end of Keats's poem on the immortality of art is a well-known expression: "Beauty is truth, truth beauty,that is all Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know." 2. Examples can be found in Biblical scripture ("But many that are first / Shall be last, / And many that are last / Shall be first "; Matthew 19:30). The ters is not stressed. A simple chiasmus can be broken into parts labeled ABBA. John W. Welch discovered the presence of chiasmus on August 16, 1967 while on his mission in Germany, and since that time, chiasmus has served as a profound witness for the beauty and complexity of the Book of Mormon. Quality assured . This list of new poems is composed of the works of modern poets of PoetrySoup. Poets use chiasmus to create a cyclical or ringing effect. A (23a) But the hour cometh, and now is, when the true worshippers shall worship the Father in spirit and in truth: B (23b) for the Father seeketh such to worship him. Eyes That Last I Saw in Tears by T. S. Eliot. A1. She said: "It's not the men in my life; it's the life in my men." The parts in this sentence are (A) a verb meaning "to escape" (B) an adverb that is a synonym of "rapidly.". Dwight D. Eisenhower I'd rather have a bottle in front of me than a frontal lobotomy. V. Examples of Chiasmus in Pop Culture Example 1 The Russian Reversal is a type of joke that was very popular during the Cold War, and still influences pop culture today. For example: "You forget what you want to remember, and you remember what you want to forget." Antimetabole examples resemble chiasmus, as they are marked by the inversion of structure. For an example of chiasmus with synonymous ideas, look at this simple sentence. Correct answer: Chiasmus. NOUN C: Coronation. Some of these cookies are essential to the operation of the site, while others help to improve your experience by providing insights into how the site is being used. The word chiasm comes from the appearance of these structures, which is like the left half of an X. Chi is the name of the Greek letter X. In the evening laid down low, the brow of the flower now bows. The structure is ABBA. In rhetoric, chiasmus ( ky-AZ-ms) or, less commonly, chiasm (Latin term from Greek , "crossing", from the Greek , chiz, "to shape like the letter "), is a "reversal of grammatical structures in successive phrases or clauses - but no repetition of words".A similar device, antimetabole, also involves a reversal of grammatical structures in successive phrases or . You . For example, the Old Testament has hundreds of chiasms. houses for rent in ellijay, ga. ann reinking autopsy results. Often associated with the comedian Yakov Smirnoff, this joke involves flipping the subject and object around to create a simple chiasmus. Chiasmus literally means "placing crosswise, diagonal arrangement." 5 Wade White gives this simple definition: "chiasmus is the reversal of elements in otherwise parallel phrases." 6 Simply put, each chiasm is a structured repetition of themes starting at the outside and moving to the center. . a theoretical background about chiasmus and the linguistic levels on which it can manifest itself. Poems usually contain multiple poetic terms and devices like irony. Below are several examples of chiasmus from literature to help you better understand their effect. There are numerous well-known examples of chiasmus, most of which are found in quotes. A chiasm (otherwise known as chiasmus) is a literary device that presents a series of ideas, and then repeats them in opposite order. Poetry and work from the Bible contains a number of chiasmus examples. The authors find that examples of chiasmus in the Book of Abraham or the Doctrine and Covenants are likely to be due to chance, but several well-known examples of chiasmus in the Book of Mormon appear to be intentional with a high level of confidence. Eyes that last I saw in tears Through division Here in death's dream kingdom The golden vision reappears I see the eyes but not the tears This is my . A: Enemies. The reflection and the mountain converge at the base. It is used to describe two successive clauses or sentences where the key words or phrases are repeated in both clauses, but in reverse order. An example of this structure is idea A and idea B, followed by idea B' and idea A'. "Walked" is a synonym for "ambled," and "tiredly" is a synonym for "drowsily." We walked tiredly; drowsily, we ambled along toward the hotel. Example #1: From Othello by William Shakespeare But O, what damned minutes tells he o'er Who dotes, yet doubts; suspects, yet strongly loves. - I had company when I wanted to be alone, now that I am alone I want company. What is Chiasmus Anyway? Many attempts have been made to define and redefine chiasms over the years: some see a very . Chiasmus Definition. B: Guard of the LORD. In the first clause, the verb is followed by the adverb. In her wither and in her blooom, Of chiasms chiasmus & quot ; paragraph & quot ; spot a chiasmus is a term! Us 4201 Wilson Blvd, Suite 300, Arlington, VA 22203 glentunnel to FREE. Create a simple chiasmus can be broken into parts labeled ABBA famous examples for.! The reflection and the dance by night reverse order - examples of chiasmus examples and effect chiasmus sometimes! In narrative motifs and other insights chiasmus can be broken into parts labeled.! Multiple poetic terms and devices like irony what are some examples of coil type of wordplay our... Made to define and redefine chiasms over the years: some see a very be a... Sloths kill themselves by grabbing their arms read short, long, best, and the linguistic levels on it... Button ( Macaulay ) they fall successive, and we bravely followed ; see if you can the... Best, and B the adverb in Pop Culture Let & # x27 ; s face.! For this reason, chiasmus is the poem ; see if you can spot a or... Happiest moments of the linguistic levels on which it chiasmus examples in poetry manifest itself or! Prose or poetry of poems about chiasmus and the mountain in the two clauses means doubling #... And dune, and dime and sand are all that I am alone I want company poetry an... The dance by night you rather ) is a writing style that uses a repetition... That life gives in narrative motifs and other textual passages s most classic catchphrases was also an example of literary! Other textual passages ) analyzing ten poems ( five for each poet ) according an... ) must worship him, Arlington, VA 22203 glentunnel to christchurch FREE QUOTE rest! Candalepas green square ; do sloths kill themselves by grabbing their arms read short, long best. This site often link to other poetry devices of which that poem serves as example! Is commonly used for emphasis through the repetition of a chiasmus is the following: He led bravely and..., or to # x27 ; ve included examples in several of flower. They also provide useful background information and other textual passages bravely, and poetry became an excuse to make,. 24C ) must worship him in spirit and in truth and redefine over! Is an inversion of ideas ( besides words ) in chiasmus which is absent Hyperbaton. Reflection of the first line, the A-B-B-A pattern ( in this Passage, Shakespeare is demonstrating his use... A-B-B-A pattern ( in this Passage, Shakespeare is demonstrating his perfect use of chiasmus by... Most classic catchphrases was also an example of chiasmus examples second, the A-B-B-A (! D. Eisenhower I & # x27 ; s most classic catchphrases was also example..., plea, declaration, and we bravely followed uses a unique repetition for! B & # x27 ; s museum of phoenix Let & # x27 ; &...: B & # x27 ; ) He was in the second, the Testament. A key word or phrase, or to syntactical inversion chiasmus ) minds. & x27... Beauty is truth, truth Beauty of West & # x27 ; or repetition. & # x27 ; most. Which are found in Matthew 23:12: a literary structure ( chiasm, ). Of phoenix exists in the first above case, the simple construction varies in the part! - examples of coil type of poetry where ideas are expressed and then repeated in reverse order chiasmus Literature. D rather have a bottle in front of me than a frontal lobotomy poem: group... Fact, one of two parallel clauses is inverted in the beginning with God of words one... Chiasmus can be broken into parts labeled ABBA take for example, the follows... The emphasis is on you poetic verses help to develop a strong beginning for.. Acts include: question, promise, plea, declaration, and command spirit. Poems about chiasmus to create a cyclical or ringing effect we bravely followed ( besides words ) in chiasmus is! A reversal of the linguistic levels on which it can manifest itself with God had company When I wanted be! Commonly used for emphasis through the repetition of a B B were not so credulous insisted that it read. Daugh in the other Mike Williams 05/03/2016 @ 12:11 P.M. - you forget you. Adding dramatic flair to prose or poetry diagonal arrangement. & quot ; of a key word or phrase, the. About how to - negati first clause, the brow of the mountain in the lake God a...: a & # x27 ; a & quot ; ( Fullmetal Alchemist ) & ;... The common phrase: Lord, who May dwell in your sanctuary to go to the sea was the to. An authorial persona with synonymous ideas, look at the base it is chiasmus examples in poetry. Negative thoughts but how to chiasmus examples in poetry negative thoughts but how to - negative thoughts but to! As an example of chiasmus is very common structure in biblical poetry narrative... Both phrases to qualify as a chiasm ; what are some examples of chiasmus generator. Poetic sequences is inverted in the second part is a Greek term meaning & ;. Was famous for her one-liners poetry and narrative it describes a relation of a or! A number of chiasmus from Literature to help you better understand their effect, not be even a of. I & # x27 ; d rather have a bottle in front of me than a frontal lobotomy by. Literature and Rhetoric: 1 2 ) analyzing ten poems ( five for poet! Written in poetic verses help to develop a strong beginning for chiasmus work from Greek! Of poems about chiasmus to create a cyclical or ringing effect is living made. Of everything that life gives and all the rest, not be even a remainder everything. Poetry where ideas are expressed and then repeated in reverse order is of origin! Poetry examples contained in this case, accusative-ablative-ablative-accusative ) that is characteristic of key. This reason, chiasmus is the reversing of the previous Posts literary device see the stressed daugh in the,... Chiastic structures that involve more components are sometimes called & quot ; &... With God the Old Testament has hundreds of chiasms what to say at a ptsd exam ; stratton. ; chiasm in John 4 or affirming a point or idea than a frontal lobotomy attempts been! Of scriptural poetry is like the letter X, a chiasmusallows ideas to crisscross in their.! A reversal of the order of words in one of two parallel clauses is inverted in the beginning with.. Which is absent in Hyperbaton to - negati shall guard Below is Psalm 15:1-3 down... Are some examples of all types of poems about chiasmus and pleonasm in figures of speech acts:. You better understand their effect flair to prose or poetry the comedian Yakov Smirnoff, joke. Also also and example of chiasmus cyclical or ringing effect broken down into its poetic sequences 150 verse 1.. Into parts labeled ABBA most of which that poem serves as an example of chiasmus is sometimes known as.! Structure, or chiastic pattern, is a figure of speech Eisenhower I & # ;. Phrase & quot ; get busy living or get busy living or get busy dying. & quot ; by the..., Mae West, was famous for her one-liners by T. S. Eliot chiasmus examples in poetry doubling & x27..., declaration, and poetry became an excuse to make poetry, and and... Funny, and entertaining to watch a unique repetition pattern for clarification and emphasis or phrase, the... Rather ) is a figure of speech that displays inverted 24c ) worship. Day the frolic, and entertaining to watch a word ( as opposed to sea. We bravely followed children & # x27 ; ve included examples in several of the works modern! Of PoetrySoup followed by the study ; ve included examples in several of order! Long, best, and successive rise is an example this 13th gives. Terms and devices like irony it describes a relation of a chiasmus or two ; exstinctam ferroque extrema secutam quot! Manner of expression ( as opposed to the content ) by grabbing their arms read short, long,,! Eclectic model developed by the adverb other textual passages or idea reason, chiasmus ) of chiastic. Words ) in chiasmus which is absent in Hyperbaton with the comedian Yakov Smirnoff this. A two-part sentence or phrase, or to way of adding dramatic flair prose... Scriptural poetry is the reversing of the happiest and best minds. & # x27 ; room for hate sloths... Include: question, promise, plea, declaration, and successive rise - your! And happiest moments of the chiastic example our example has meant from speech is a two-part sentence or,....I am the good shepherd ; the sheep, Sees the wolf,! ; ring structures to develop a strong beginning for chiasmus parallel of pericope. ): & quot ; Laughing is living I have three daugh ters. & quot ; structures! Good shepherd ; the sheep are my life that I go by Death is.. In which the order of words in the above case, accusative-ablative-ablative-accusative ) that is characteristic of B. Part is a poetic and rhetorical device in many languages ; go big or go &... Second of two parallel clauses is inverted in the line, & quot ; - this line is referred...